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This section describes installing and using jails on FreeNAS®version 11.2 or later. Any jails created with a previous version ofFreeNAS® must be managed with the Legacy Web Interface.
FreeBSD has a Linux subsystem which does run Linux applications natively w/o a need to recompile. Read up on that on freebsd.org where there are plenty of. The Wikipedia BSD article is good (and accords with my own understanding, for what that's worth). It says that Darwin, the system on which Apple's Mac OS X is built, is a derivative of 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD, and notes that 4.4BSD is the last release that Berkeley was involved with. So, Darwin is as BSD as you can get (just like all the other BSDs!).
Jails are a lightweight, operating-system-level virtualization.One or multiple services can run in a jail, isolating those servicesfrom the host FreeNAS® system. FreeNAS® uses theiocage utility for jailmanagement. Jails are also used as the basis for FreeNAS®Plugins.The main differences between a user-created jail and a plugin are thatplugins are preconfigured and usually provide only a single service.
ClonOS – FreeBSD based distribution for virtual hosting platform and appliance Darwin – The UNIX-based, open-source foundation of Mac OS X 1 DesktopBSD – KDE-based desktop-oriented distribution. Running Linux applications on FreeBSD Chuck Tuffli freebsd.org. While FreeBSD has been able to run Linux binaries for many years, the large ecosystem of Docker images leads to some interesting use cases for FreeBSD developers and users.
By default, jails run theFreeBSDoperating system. These jails are independent instances of FreeBSD.The jail uses the host hardware and runs on the host kernel, avoidingmost of the overhead usually associated with virtualization. The jailinstalls FreeBSD software management utilities so FreeBSD packages orports can be installed from the jail command line. This allows forFreeBSD ports to be compiled and FreeBSD packages to be installed fromthe command line of the jail.
It is important to understand that users, groups, installed software,and configurations within a jail are isolated from both the FreeNAS®host operating system and any other jails running on that system.
During creation, set the VNET option to providethe jail with an independent networking stack. The jail is then ableto broadcast an IP address, which is required by some applications.
The ability to create multiple jails offers flexibilityregarding software management. For example, an administrator canchoose to provide application separation by installing differentapplications in each jail, to create one jail for all installedapplications, or to mix and match how software is installed into eachjail.
14.1. Jail Storage¶
A pool must be created before using jails orPlugins. Make sure the pool has enough storage for all theintended jails and plugins. TheJailsscreen displays a message and button to CREATE POOL if nopools exist on the FreeNAS® system.
Multiple pools can be activated to store iocage jails and plugins. Aftera pool is created, theJailspage displays an Activated Pool section. This shows whichpool and iocage dataset is active with FreeNAS®. Click CONFIGto view the option to choose another pool or dataset to activate withiocage. ACTIVATE another pool to refresh theJailslist with any jails that exist on the chosen pool or dataset.
Jails and downloaded FreeBSD release files are stored in a dataset named
iocage/
.Notes about the
iocage/
dataset:- At least 10 GiB of free space is recommended.
- Cannot be located on a Share.
- iocageautomatically uses the first pool that is not a root pool for theFreeNAS® system.
- A
defaults.json
file contains default settings used whena new jail is created. The file is created automatically if notalready present. If the file is present but corrupted,iocage shows a warning and uses default settings frommemory. - Each new jail installs into a new child dataset of
iocage/
.For example, with theiocage/jails
dataset inpool1
,a new jail called jail1 installs into a new dataset namedpool1/iocage/jails/jail1
. - FreeBSD releases are fetched as a child dataset into the
/iocage/download
dataset. This datset is then extracted intothe/iocage/releases
dataset to be used in jail creation. Thedataset in/iocage/download
can then be removed withoutaffecting the availability of fetched releases or an existing jail. iocage/
datasets on activated pools are independent of eachother and do not share any data.
14.2. Creating Jails¶
FreeNAS® has two options to create a jail. The Jail Wizardmakes it easy to quickly create a jail. ADVANCED JAIL CREATIONis an alternate method, where every possible jail option is configurable.There are numerous options spread across four different primarysections. This form is recommended for advanced users with very specificrequirements for a jail.
14.2.1. Jail Wizard¶
New jails can be created quickly by going toJails ‣ADD.This opens the wizard screen shown inFigure 14.2.1.
The wizard provides the simplest process to create and configurea new jail. Enter a Jail Name. Jail names canonly contain alphanumeric characters (
Aa-Zz
, 123
),dashes (-
), and underscores (_
). Choose the versionof FreeBSD to install for this jail. Previously downloaded versionsdisplay (fetched)
next to their entry in the list.Click NEXT to see a simplified list of networking options.The jail can be set to automatically configure IPv4 with DHCPand VNET or IPv4 and IPv6 can be configured manually.Multiple interfaces are supported in the IPv4 Address andIPv6 Address fields by entering a comma delimited list ofinterfaces, addresses, and netmask in the format
interface|ipaddress/netmask
.Click NEXT to view a summary screen of the chosen jailoptions. Click SUBMIT to create the new jail. After a fewmoments, the new jail is added to the primary jails list.
Tip
Versions of FreeBSD are downloaded the first time they areused in a jail. Additional jails created with the same version ofFreeBSD are created faster because the download has already beencompleted.
14.2.2. Advanced Jail Creation¶
The advanced jail creation form is opened by clickingJails ‣ADDthen Advanced Jail Creation. The screen inFigure 14.2.2 is shown.
A usable jail can be quickly created by setting only the requiredvalues, the Jail Name and Release. Additionalsettings are in the Jail Properties,Network Properties, and Custom Propertiessections. Table 14.2.1shows the available options of the Basic Properties ofa new jail.
Setting | Value | Description |
---|---|---|
Name | string | Required. Jail names can only contain alphanumeric characters (Aa-Zz , 123 ),dashes (- ), and underscores (_ ). |
Release | drop-down menu | Required. Choose the version of FreeBSD to download and install for the jail. Previously downloadedversions of FreeBSD display (fetched) next to the entry in the list and do not need to befetched again. |
DHCP AutoconfigureIPv4 | checkbox | Automatically configure IPv4 networking with an independent VNET stack. VNET andBerkeley Packet Filter must also be checked. If not set, ensure the defined addressin IPv4 Address does not conflict with an existing address. |
VNET | checkbox | Use VNET to emulate network devices for this jail and a create a fully virtualized per-jailnetwork stack. SeeVNET(9)for more details. |
Berkeley Packet Filter | checkbox | Use the Berkeley Packet Filter to data link layers in a protocol independent fashion. Unset by defaultto avoid security vulnerabilities. SeeBPF(4)for more details. |
IPv4 Interface | drop-down menu | Choose a network interface to use for this IPv4 connection. |
IPv4 Address | string | This and the other IPv4 settings are grayed out if DHCP autoconfigure IPv4 is set.Configures the interface to use for network or internet access for the jail. Enter an IPv4 address for this IP jail. Example: 192.168.0.10. |
IPv4 Netmask | drop-down menu | Choose a subnet mask for this IPv4 Address. |
IPv4 Default Router | string | Type none or a valid IP address. Setting this property to anything other than noneconfigures a default route inside a VNET jail. |
Auto Configure IPv6 | checkbox | Set to use SLAAC (Stateless Address Auto Configuration) to autoconfigure IPv6 in the jail. |
IPv6 Interface | drop-down menu | Choose a network interface to use for this IPv6 connection. |
IPv6 Address | string | Configures network or internet access for the jail. Type the IPv6 address for VNET and shared IP jails.Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. |
IPv6 Prefix | drop-down menu | Choose a prefix for this IPv6 Address. |
IPv6 Default Router | string | Type none or a valid IP address. Setting this property to anything other than noneconfigures a default route inside a VNET jail. |
Notes | string | Enter any notes or comments about the jail. |
Auto-start | checkbox | Start the jail at system startup. |
Similar to the Jail Wizard, configuring the basic properties,then clicking SAVE Macos app cleaner download. is often all that is needed to quicklycreate a new jail. To continue configuring more settings, clickNEXT to proceed to the Jail Properties sectionof the form. Table 14.2.2 describes eachof these options.
Setting | Value | Description |
---|---|---|
devfs_ruleset | integer | Number of the devfs(8)ruleset to enforce when mounting devfs in the jail. The default value of 0 means no ruleset is enforced.Mounting devfs inside a jail is only possible when the allow_mount andallow_mount_devfs permissions are enabled and enforce_statfs is set to a value lowerthan 2. |
exec.start | string | Commands to run in the jail environment when a jail is created. Example: sh/etc/rc . Seejail(8)for more details. |
exec.stop | string | Commands to run in the jail environment before a jail is removed and after any exec_prestop commandsare complete. Example: sh/etc/rc.shutdown . |
exec_prestart | string | Commands to run in the system environment before a jail is started. |
exec_poststart | string | Commands to run in the system environment after a jail is started and after any exec_startcommands are finished. |
exec_prestop | string | Commands to run in the system environment before a jail is stopped. |
exec_poststop | string | Commands to run in the system environment after a jail is started and after any exec_startcommands are finished. |
exec.clean | checkbox | Run commands in a clean environment. The current environment is discarded except for $HOME, $SHELL, $TERM and$USER. $HOME and $SHELL are set to the target login. $USER is set to the target login. $TERM is imported from thecurrent environment. The environment variables from the login class capability database for thetarget login are also set. |
exec_timeout | integer | The maximum amount of time in seconds to wait for a command to complete. If a command is still running after theallotted time, the jail is terminated. |
stop_timeout | integer | The maximum amount of time in seconds to wait for the jail processes to exit after sending a SIGTERM signal.This happens after any exec_stop commands are complete. After the specified time, the jail isremoved, killing any remaining processes. If set to 0, no SIGTERM is sent and the jail is immeadility removed. |
exec_jail_user | string | Enter either root or a valid username. Inside the jail, commands run as this user. |
exec_system_jail_user | string | Set to True to look for the exec.jail_user in the systempasswd(5)file instead of the jail passwd . |
exec_system_user | string | Run commands in the jail as this user. By default, commands are run as the current user. |
mount_devfs | checkbox | Mount adevfs(5)filesystem on the chrooted /dev directory and apply the ruleset in the devfs_rulesetparameter to restrict the devices visible inside the jail. |
mount_fdescfs | checkbox | Mount anfdescfs(5)filesystem in the jail /dev/fd directory. |
enforce_statfs | drop-down | Determine which information processes in a jail are able to obtain about mount points. The behaviorof multiple syscalls is affected:statfs(2),fstatfs(2),getfsstat(2),fhstatfs(2),and other similar compatibility syscalls. All mount points are available without any restrictions if this is set to 0.Only mount points below the jail chroot directory are available if this is set to 1.Set to 2, the default option only mount points where the jail chroot directory is located are available. |
children_max | integer | Number of child jails allowed to be created by the jail or other jails under this jail. A limit of 0restricts the jail from creating child jails. Hierarchical Jails in the jail(8)man page explains the finer details. |
login_flags | string | Flags to pass tologin(1)when logging in to the jail using the console function. |
securelevel | integer | Value of the jail securelevel sysctl. A jailnever has a lower securelevel than the host system. Setting this parameter allows a higher securelevel.If the host system securelevel is changed, jail securelevel will be at least as secure.Securelevel options are: 3, 2 (default), 1, 0, and -1. |
sysvmsg | drop-down | Allow or deny access to SYSV IPC message primitives.Set to Inherit: All IPC objects on the system are visible to the jail.Set to New: Only objects the jail created using the private key namespace are visible. The system and parentjails have access to the jail objects but not private keys.Set to Disable: The jail cannot perform any sysvmsg related system calls. |
sysvsem | drop-down | Allow or deny access to SYSV IPC semaphore primitives.Set to Inherit: All IPC objects on the system are visible to the jail.Set to New: Only objects the jail creates using the private key namespace are visible. The system and parentjails have access to the jail objects but not private keys.Set to Disable: The jail cannot perform any sysvmem related system calls. |
sysvshm | drop-down | Allow or deny access to SYSV IPC shared memory primitives.Set to Inherit: All IPC objects on the system are visible to the jail.Set to New: Only objects the jail creates using the private key namespace are visible. The system and parentjails have access to the jail objects but not private keys.Set to Disable: The jail cannot perform any sysvshm related system calls. |
allow_set_hostname | checkbox | Allow the jail hostname to be changed withhostname(1)orsethostname(3). |
allow_sysvipc | checkbox | Choose whether a process in the jail has access to System V IPC primitives. Equivalent to settingsysvmsg, sysvsem, and sysvshm to Inherit. Deprecated in FreeBSD 11.0 and later! Use sysvmsg, sysvsem,and sysvshminstead. |
allow_raw_sockets | checkbox | Allow raw sockets. Utilities likeping(8) andtraceroute(8)require raw sockets to operate inside a jail. When set, the source IP addresses are enforced to comply with theIP address bound to the jail, ignoring the IP_HDRINCL flag on the socket. |
allow_chflags | checkbox | Treat jail users as privileged and allow the manipulation of system file flags. securelevel constraintsare still enforced. |
allow_mlock | checkbox | Allow jail to run services that use mlock(2) tolock physical pages in memory. |
allow_mount | checkbox | Allow privileged users inside the jail to mount and unmount filesystem types marked as jail-friendly. |
allow_mount_devfs | checkbox | Allow privileged users inside the jail to mount and unmount the devfs(5) device filesystem.This permission is only effective when allow_mount is set and enforce_statfs is set to avalue lower than 2. |
allow_mount_nullfs | checkbox | Allow privileged users inside the jail to mount and unmount the nullfs(5) file system.This permission is only effective when allow_mount is set and enforce_statfs is set to avalue lower than 2. |
allow_mount_procfs | checkbox | Allow privileged users inside the jail to mount and unmount the procfs(5) file system.This permission is only effective when allow_mount is set and enforce_statfs is set to avalue lower than 2. |
allow_mount_tmpfs | checkbox | Allow privileged users inside the jail to mount and unmount the tmpfs(5) file system.This permission is only effective when allow_mount is set and enforce_statfs is set to avalue lower than 2. |
allow_mount_zfs | checkbox | Allow privileged users inside the jail to mount and unmount the ZFS file system. This permission is onlyeffective when allow_mount is set and enforce_statfs is set to a value lower than 2.The ZFS(8)man page has information on how to configure the ZFS filesystem to operate from within a jail. |
allow_quotas | checkbox | Allow the jail root to administer quotas on the jail filesystems. This includes filesystems the jail shareswith other jails or with non-jailed parts of the system. |
allow_socket_af | checkbox | Allow access to other protocol stacks beyond IPv4, IPv6, local (UNIX), and route. Warning: jailfunctionality does not exist for all protocal stacks. |
vnet_interfaces | string | Space-delimited list of network interfaces to attach to a VNET-enabled jail after it is created. Interfaces areautomatically released when the jail is removed. |
Click NEXT to view all jailNetwork Properties. These are shown inTable 14.2.3:
Setting | Value | Description |
---|---|---|
interfaces | string | Enter up to four interface configurations in the format interface:bridge, separated by a comma(, ). The left value is the virtual VNET interface name and the right value is the bridge namewhere the virtual interface is attached. |
host_domainname | string | Enter an NIS Domain name for the jail. |
host_hostname | string | Enter a hostname for the jail. By default, the system uses the jail NAME/UUID. |
exec_fib | integer | Enter a number to define the routing table (FIB) to set when running commands inside the jail. |
ip4_saddrsel | checkbox | Only available when the jail is not configured to use VNET. Disables IPv4 source address selectionfor the jail in favor of the primary IPv4 address of the jail. |
ip4 | drop-down | Control the availability of IPv4 addresses. Set to Inherit: allow unrestricted access to allsystem addresses. Set to New: restrict addresses with ip4_addr.Set to Disable: stop the jail from using IPv4 entirely. |
ip6_saddrsel | string | Only available when the jail is not configured to use VNET. Disables IPv6 source address selectionfor the jail in favor of the primary IPv6 address of the jail. |
ip6 | drop-down | Control the availability of IPv6 addresses. Set to Inherit: allow unrestricted access to allsystem addresses. Set to New: restrict addresses with ip6_addr.Set to Disable: stop the jail from using IPv6 entirely. |
resolver | string | Add lines to resolv.conf in file. Example: nameserver IP;search domain.local.Fields must be delimited with a semicolon (; ), this is translated as new lines inresolv.conf . Enter none to inherit resolv.conf from the host. |
mac_prefix | string | Optional. Enter a valid MAC address vendor prefix. Example: E4F4C6 |
vnet_default_interface | drop-down | Set the default VNET interface. Only takes effect when VNETis set. Choose a specific interface, or set to auto to use theinterface that has the default route. Choose none to not set a default VNET interface. |
vnet0_mac | string | Leave this blank to generate random MAC addresses for the host and jail. To assign fixed MACaddresses, enter the host MAC address and the jail MAC address separated by a space. |
vnet1_mac | string | Leave this blank to generate random MAC addresses for the host and jail. To assign fixed MACaddresses, enter the host MAC address and the jail MAC address separated by a space. |
vnet2_mac | string | Leave this blank to generate random MAC addresses for the host and jail. To assign fixed MACaddresses, enter the host MAC address and the jail MAC address separated by a space. |
vnet3_mac | string | Leave this blank to generate random MAC addresses for the host and jail. To assign fixed MACaddresses, enter the host MAC address and the jail MAC address separated by a space. |
The final set of jail properties are contained in theCustom Properties section.Table 14.2.4 describes these options.
Setting | Value | Description |
---|---|---|
owner | string | The owner of the jail. Can be any string. |
priority | integer | The numeric start priority for the jail at boot time. Smaller values mean a higher priority.At system shutdown, the priority is reversed. Example: 99 |
hostid | string | A new a jail hostid, if necessary. Example hostid: 1a2bc345-678d-90e1-23fa-4b56c78901de. |
hostid_strict_check | checkbox | Check the jail hostid property. Prevents the jail from starting if the hostiddoes not match the host. |
comment | string | Comments about the jail. |
depends | string | Specify any jails the jail depends on. Child jails must already exist before the parent jailcan be created. |
mount_procfs | checkbox | Allow mounting of aprocfs(5)filesystems in the jail /dev/proc directory. |
mount_linprocfs | checkbox | Allow mounting of alinprocfs(5)filesystem in the jail. |
host_time | checkbox | Synchronize the time between jail and host. |
jail_zfs | checkbox | Enable automatic ZFS jailing inside the jail. The assigned ZFS dataset is fullycontrolled by the jail. Note: allow_mount, enforce_statfs, and allow_mount_zfsmust all be set for ZFS management inside the jail to work correctly. |
jail_zfs_dataset | string | Define the dataset to be jailed and fully handed over to a jail. Enter a ZFS filesystem namewithout a pool name. jail_zfs must be set for this option to work. |
jail_zfs_mountpoint | string | The mountpoint for the jail_zfs_dataset. Example: /data/example-dataset-name |
allow_tun | checkbox | Expose host tun(4) devices in the jail. Allowthe jail to create tun devices. |
Click SAVE when the desired jail properties have been set.New jails are added to the primary list in the Jails menu.
14.3. Managing Jails¶
Clicking Jails shows a list of installed jails. Anexample is shown in Figure 14.3.1.
Table 14.3.1 describes each column.
Column Name | Description |
---|---|
Jail | The name of the jail. |
IPv4 Address | Listing of configured IPv4 addresses. A staticIPv4 address is displayed if set manually.DHCP(notrunning) is displayed if thejail is stopped and was configured using DHCP.DCHP:ipaddress is displayed if the jailis running and was configured using DHCP. |
IPv6 Address | Listing of configured IPv6 addresses. |
Status | up indicates the jail is running anddown indicates the jail is stopped. |
Type | Indicates the installation method where jailwas installed using Jails and pluginv2was installed using Plugins. |
Release | The FreeBSD version the jail is based on. |
(Options) | Click to display the options shown inFigure 14.3.2. |
Operations can be applied to multiple jails by selecting those jailswith the checkboxes on the left. After selecting one or more jails,icons appear which can be used to ▶ (Start), (Stop),? (Update), or (Delete) those jails.
Click (Options) for a jail to see all options for that jail.Figure 14.3.2 shows the menu thatappears.
Fig. 14.3.2 Jail Options Menu
Table 14.3.2 describes each optionavailable for a jail.
Warning
Modify the IP address information for a jail by using (Options) Edit instead of issuing the networkingcommands directly from the command line of the jail. Thisensures the changes are saved and will survive a jail or FreeNAS®reboot.
Option | Description |
---|---|
Edit | Used to modify the settings described inTable 14.3.1.A jail cannot be edited while it is running. The settings cancan be viewed, but are read only. |
Mountpoints | Open the Mount Points list. Select an existingmount point to Edit or click ADD to openthe Add Mount Point screen. A mount pointgives a jail access to storage located elsewhere on thesystem. A jail must be stopped before adding, editing, ordeleting a Mount Point. SeeAdditional Storage for more details. |
Restart | Stop and immediately start an up jail. |
Start | Start a jail that has a current Status ofdown. |
Stop | Stop a jail that has a current Status ofup. |
Update | Runs freebsd-updateto update the jail to the lateset patch level of theinstalled FreeBSD release. |
Shell | Access a root command prompt to interact with a jaildirectly from the command line. Type exit toleave the command prompt. |
Delete | Delete the jail, all of the jail’s contents, and allassociated Snapshots. Back up the jail’s data,configuration, and programs first. There is no way torecover the contents of a jail after deletion! |
Note
Bob kauflin worship matters pdf to word. Menu entries change depending on the jail state. For example,a stopped jail does not have a Stop or Shelloption.
14.3.1. Jail Updates and Upgrades¶
Click (Options)‣ Updateto update a jail to the most current patch level of the installedFreeBSD release. This does not change the release.
To upgrade a jail to newer release of FreeBSD, stop the jail and click (Options)‣ Editfor the jail. Open the Release drop-down menu, choose anewer RELEASE of FreeBSD, and click SAVE. Upgrading a jailcan take an extended amount of time, depending on connection speed andif the chosen RELEASE is already fetched on the system.
It is possible tomanually remove unused releases fromthe
/iocage/releases/
dataset after upgrading a jail. Therelease must not be in use by any jail on the system!14.3.2. Accessing a Jail Using SSH¶
The ssh daemonsshd(8)must be enabled in a jail to allow SSH access to that jail from anothersystem.
The jail Status must be up before the Shelloption is available. If the jail is not up, start it by clickingJails ‣ (Options) ‣ Startfor the desired jail. Click (Options) ‣ Shellto start a shell on the jail. A jail root shell is shown in thisexample:
A root shell can also be opened for a jail using the FreeNAS® UIShell. Open the Shell, then type
iocageconsolejailname
.Enable sshd:
Tip
Using sysrc to enable sshd verifies that sshd isenabled.
Best read later app macbook. Start the SSH daemon:
servicesshdstart
The first time the service runs, the jail RSA key pair is generatedand the key fingerprint is displayed.
Add a user account with adduser. Follow the prompts,
Enter
will accept the default value offered. Users that requireroot access must also be a member of the wheel group. Enterwheel when prompted to invite user into other groups? []:After creating the user, set the jail root password to allow users touse su to gain superuser privileges. To set the jail rootpassword, use passwd. Nothing is echoed back when usingpasswd
Finally, test that the user can successfully ssh into thejail from another system and gain superuser privileges. In theexample, a user named jailuser uses ssh to access the jailat 192.168.2.3. The host RSA key fingerprint must be verified the firsttime a user logs in.
Note
Every jail has its own user accounts and service configuration.These steps must be repeated for each jail that requires SSH access.
Run Mac Apps On Freebsd Operating System
14.3.3. Additional Storage¶
Jails can be given access to an area of storage outside of the jail thatis configured on the FreeNAS® system. It is possible to give a FreeBSDjail access to an area of storage on the FreeNAS® system. This is usefulfor applications or plugins that store large amounts of data or if anapplication in a jail needs access to data stored on the FreeNAS® system.For example, Transmission is a plugin that stores data using BitTorrent.The %brand$ external storage is added using themount_nullfs(8)mechanism, which links data that resides outside of the jail as astorage area within a jail.
The Mount points section of a jail shows any added storageand allows adding more storage.
Note
A jail must have a Status of down before addinga new mount point. Click (Options) and Stop for a jailto change the jail Status to down.
Storage can be added by clickingJails ‣ (Options) ‣ Mount pointsfor the desired jail. The Mount points section is a listof all of the currently defined mount points.
Go toMount points ‣ADDto add storage to a jail.This opens the screen shown inFigure 14.3.3.
Browse to the Source and Destination, where:
- Source: is the directory or dataset on the FreeNAS® systemwhich will be accessed by the jail. FreeNAS® creates the directoryif it does not exist. This directory must reside outside of the poolor dataset being used by the jail. This is why it is recommended tocreate a separate dataset to store jails, so the dataset holding thejails is always separate from any datasets used for storage on theFreeNAS® system.
- Destination: Browse to an existing and empty directorywithin the jail to link to the Source storage area. It isalso possible to add
/
and a name to the end of the pathand FreeNAS® automatically creates a new directory. New directoriescreated must be within the jail directory structure. Example:/mnt/iocage/jails/samplejail/root/new-destination-directory
.
Storage is typically added because the user and group accountassociated with an application installed inside of a jail needs toaccess data stored on the FreeNAS® system. Before selecting theSource, it is important to first ensure that thepermissions of the selected directory or dataset grant permission tothe user/group account inside of the jail. This is not the default, asthe users and groups created inside of a jail are totally separatefrom the users and groups of the FreeNAS® system.
The workflow for adding storage usually goes like this:
- Determine the name of the user and group account used by theapplication. For example, the installation of the transmissionapplication automatically creates a user account namedtransmission and a group account also named transmission. Whenin doubt, check the files
/etc/passwd
(to find the useraccount) and/etc/group
(to find the group account) insidethe jail. Typically, the user and group names are similar tothe application name. Also, the UID and GID are usually the sameas the port number used by the service.A media Delete apps files on my mac computer. user and group (GID 8675309) are part of the basesystem. Having applications run as this group or user makes itpossible to share storage between multiple applications in asingle jail, between multiple jails, or even between the host andjails. - On the FreeNAS® system, create a user account and group accountthat match the user and group names used by the application inthe jail.
- Decide whether the jail will be given access to existing data ora new storage area will be allocated.
- If the jail accesses existing data, edit the permissions ofthe pool or dataset so the user and group accounts have thedesired read and write access. If multiple applications or jailsare to have access to the same data, create a new group and addeach needed user account to that group.
- If an area of storage is being set aside for that jail orindividual application, create a dataset. Edit the permissions ofthat dataset so the user and group account has the desired readand write access.
- Use the jailMount points ‣ADDto select the the Source of the data and theDestination where it will be mounted in the jail.
To prevent writes to the storage, click Read-Only.
After storage has been added or created, it appears in theMount points for that jail. In the example shown inFigure 14.3.4,a dataset named
pool1/smb-storage
has been chosen as theSource as it contains the files stored on the FreeNAS®system. The user entered/mnt/iocage/jails/samplejail/root/mounted
as the directoryto be mounted in the Destination field. To users insidethe jail, this data will appear to be in the /root/mounted
directory.Fig. 14.3.4 Example Storage
Storage is automatically mounted as it is created.
Note
Mounting a dataset does not automatically mount anychild datasets inside it. Each dataset is a separate filesystem, sochild datasets must each have separate mount points.
Click (Options) ‣ Deleteto delete the storage.
Warning
Remember that added storage isjust a pointer to the selected storage directory on the FreeNAS®system. It does not copy that data to the jail.Files that are deleted from theDestinationdirectory in the jail are really deleted from theSourcedirectory on the FreeNAS®system.However, removing the jail storage entry only removes the pointer.This leaves the data intact but not accessible from the jail.
14.4. Jail Software¶
A jail is created with no software aside from the core packagesinstalled as part of the selected version of FreeBSD. Software in ajail is managed by going to theShelland logging into the jail with iocage console {jailname}. Inthis example, the user has logged into testjail01:
Tip
See Using iocage for more details about differentiocage commands.
14.4.1. Installing FreeBSD Packages¶
The quickest and easiest way to install software inside the jail is toinstall a FreeBSD package. FreeBSD packages are precompiled andcontain all the binaries and a list of dependencies required for thesoftware to run on a FreeBSD system.
A huge amount of software has been ported to FreeBSD. Most of thatsoftware is available as packages. One way to find FreeBSD software isto use the search bar atFreshPorts.org.
After finding the name of the desired package, use thepkg install command to install it. For example, to installthe audiotag package, use the command pkg install audiotag
When prompted, press
y
to complete the installation. Messageswill show the download and installation status.A successful installation can be confirmed by querying the packagedatabase:
To show what was installed by the package:
In FreeBSD, third-party software is always stored in
/usr/local
to differentiate it from the software that camewith the operating system. Binaries are almost always located in asubdirectory called bin
or sbin
and configurationfiles in a subdirectory called etc
.14.4.2. Compiling FreeBSD Ports¶
Compiling a port is another option. Compilingports offer these advantages:
- Not every port has an available package. This is usually due tolicensing restrictions or known, unaddressed securityvulnerabilities.
- Sometimes the package is out-of-date and a feature is needed thatonly became available in the newer version.
- Some ports provide compile options that are not available in thepre-compiled package. These options are used to add or removefeatures or options.
Compiling a port has these disadvantages:
- It takes time. Depending upon the size of the application, theamount of dependencies, the speed of the CPU, the amount of RAMavailable, and the current load on the FreeNAS® system, the timeneeded can range from a few minutes to a few hours or even to a fewdays.
Note
If the port does not provide any compile options, it savestime and preserves the FreeNAS® system resources to use thepkg install command instead.
TheFreshPorts.orglisting shows whether a port has any configurable compile options.Figure 14.4.1shows the Configuration Options for audiotag.
![Apps Apps](/uploads/1/3/4/2/134248152/577091374.jpg)
This port has five configurable options: DOCS, FLAC, ID3, MP4,and VORBIS. Stars (
*
) show which options are enabled.Packages use default options. Ports let the user select options.
The Ports Collection must be installed in the jail before ports can becompiled. Inside the jail, use the portsnaputility. This command downloads the ports collection and extractsit to the
/usr/ports/
directory of the jail:Note
To install additional software at a later date, make surethe ports collection is updated withportsnap fetch update.
To compile a port, cd into a subdirectory of
/usr/ports/
. The entry for the port at FreshPorts provides thelocation to cd into and the make command to run.This example compiles and installs the audiotag port:The first time this command is run, the configure screen shown inFigure 14.4.2is displayed:
Fig. 14.4.2 Configuration Options for Audiotag Port
Use the arrow keys to select an option and press
spacebar
to toggle the value. Press Enter
when satisfied with the jailoptions. The port begins to compile and install.Note
After options have been set, the configuration screen isnormally not shown again. Use make config to display thescreen and change options before rebuilding the port withmake clean install clean.
Many ports depend on other ports. Those other ports also haveconfiguration screens that are shown before compiling begins. Itis a good idea to watch the compile until it finishes and thecommand prompt returns.
Installed ports are registered in the same package database that managespackages. The pkg info can be used to determine which portswere installed.
14.4.3. Starting Installed Software¶
After packages or ports are installed, they must be configured andstarted. Configuration files are usually in
/usr/local/etc
or asubdirectory of it. Many FreeBSD packages contain a sample configurationfile as a reference. Take some time to read the software documentationto learn which configuration options are available and whichconfiguration files require editing.Most FreeBSD packages that contain a startable service include astartup script which is automatically installed to
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/
. After the configuration is complete, teststarting the service by running the script with the onestartoption. For example, with openvpn installed in the jail, thesecommands are run to verify that the service started:If it produces an error:
Run tail /var/log/messages to see any error messagesif an issue is found. Most startup failures are related to amisconfiguration in a configuration file.
After verifying that the service starts and is working as intended,add a line to
/etc/rc.conf
to start theservice automatically when the jail is started. The line tostart a service always ends in _enable=”YES” and typically startswith the name of the software. For example, this is the entry for theopenvpn service:When in doubt, the startup script shows the line to put in
/etc/rc.conf
. This is the description in/usr/local/etc/rc.d/openvpn
:The startup script also indicates if any additional parameters areavailable:
14.5. Using iocage¶
Beginning with FreeNAS® 11.0, theiocagecommand line utility is included for creating and managing jails.Click the Shell option to open the command line and beginusing iocage.
iocage has several options to help users:
- There is built-in help displayed by entering
iocage--help|less
. Each subcommand also has help.Display help by adding the--help
flag after the subcommandname. For example, iocage activate --help shows help forthe activate subcommand. - The iocage manual page is accessed by typing
maniocage|less
. - The iocage project also has documentation available onreadthedocs.io.
14.5.1. Managing iocage Jails¶
Creating a jail automatically starts the iocage configuration processfor the FreeNAS® system. Jail properties can also be specified with theiocage create command.
In this example a new jail named examplejail has been created. Additionalproperties are a manually designated IP address of 192.168.1.10, anetmask of /24 on the em0 interface, and using the FreeBSD11.1-RELEASE:
Jail creation may take a few moments. After completion, start the newjail with iocage start:
To open the console in the started jail, use iocage console
Exit the jail console with logout:
Jails are shut down with iocage stop:
Jails are deleted with iocage destroy:
To adjust the properties of a jail, use iocage set andiocage get. All properties of a jail are viewed withiocage get all:
Tip
This example shows an abbreviated list of the properties forexamplejail. The iocage manual page (man iocage)describes even more configurable properties for jails.
To adjust a jail property, use iocage set:
The FreeBSD Desktop series are about creating efficient desktop environment on the FreeBSD system.
Why such series?
Because telling someone who wants FreeBSD desktop to buy Mac instead is like telling someone who wants Linux desktop to buy Windows because it has WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) inside ?
I made a separate FreeBSD Desktop series dedicated ‘global’ page that links to all episodes of the series along with table of contents for each episode’s contents.
Hope that will make it more useful and readable as a whole.
List of the episodes in the FreeBSD Desktop series.
Articles directly related to (but not limited to) FreeBSD Desktop series.
Below are the contents of each episode.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 1 – Simplified Boot
Silence the FreeBSD boot process by:
- Modifying /etc/rc.d/* scripts.
- Adding rc_startmsgs=NO to the /etc/rc.conf file.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 2 – Install
Install FreeBSD 11.2 on Lenovo ThinkPad X220 along with BIOS settings.
- Setup wireless WiFi networking.
- GPT fix needed for T420/T420s/X220/T520/W520 Lenovo ThinkPad laptops.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 2.1 – Install FreeBSD 12
Install FreeBSD 12.0 on Lenovo ThinkPad X220.
- Use GELI encrypted root on ZFS.
- Get new bectl tool.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 3 – X11 Window System
Setup X11 on FreeBSD system.
- Add user to video group.
- Add user to needed login class.
- New drm-next kernel modules related to graphics drivers.
- X11 server configuration.
- XDM Black and Grey theme.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 4 – Key Components – Window Manager
Description of window manager – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
Differences between Openbox and Fluxbox … and PekWM as a bonus.
![Apps Apps](/uploads/1/3/4/2/134248152/786087576.png)
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 5 – Key Components – Status Bar
Description of status bar – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 6 – Key Components – Task Bar
Pink panther hokus pokus pink iso download. Description of task bar – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
- Tint2
- Plank
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 7 – Key Components – Wallpaper Handling
Description of wallpaper handling – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 8 – Key Components – Application Launcher
Description of application launcher – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
- dmenu
- rofi
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 9 – Key Components – Keyboard/Mouse Shortcuts
Description of keyboard/mouse shortcuts – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
- xmodmap
- xbindkeys
- xdotool
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 10 – Key Components – Locking Solution
Description of locking solution – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
- mate-screensaver
- xlock
- xautolock
After messing little more with xlock(1) I found way nicer looking configuration (or should I say ‘theme’ here) for it. It looks like that.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 11 – Key Components – Blue Light Spectrum Suppress
Description of blue light spectrum suppress – one of the key components of FreeBSD Desktop.
- F.lux (closed source)
- Redshift (open source)
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 12 – Configuration – Openbox
Configuration of the Openbox window manager along with adhering topics.
- Openbox configuration.
- Nice looking Openbox theme.
- Openbox Menu (static) with nice looking icons.
- Openbox Menu for FreeBSD top(1)/ps(1) commands and config files/logs.
- Openbox Menu for FreeBSD default sound output.
- Openbox Menu and shortcuts for FreeBSD sound volume increase/decrease.
- Openbox Menu for FreeBSD for CPU frequency scaling.
- Openbox Menu for FreeBSD network management with network.sh script.
- Openbox Menu for screenshots/wallpapers management.
- Openbox Menu for Recent files.
- Random wallpaper handling.
- Random xterm(1) theme at every terminal start with lost of great themes.
- Openbox shortcuts and script for Aero Snap like behavior.
- Openbox Dmenu shortcuts and integration.
- Openbox configured with nice fonts.
- Openbox shortcuts for most important tasks.
- Warning for low battery on laptop.
- The doas(1) integration.
- Scripts needed to glue all these solutions.
- The crontab(1) entries.
- Keyboard Shortcuts.
- Mouse Shortcuts.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 13 – Configuration – Dzen2
The provided status bar backed by Dzen2 will be providing the following information.
- date: Date in ISO 8601 format along with current time.
- sys: CPU frequency, CPU temperature, system load and free RAM.
- ip: List of current IP addresses and its interfaces.
- gw: System default network gateway.
- dns: System default DNS.
- ping: Current Internet access state.
- vol/pcm: Volume level for vol and pcm backends.
- fs: ZFS pools free space.
- bat: Battery and AC status.
- top: Top 3 processes with highest CPU usage along with their RAM usage.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 14 – Configuration – Tint2
The task bar role served by the Tint2 will be providing the following features.
- Launcher for the most used applications.
- Show opened/minimized windows on each of four virtual desktops.
- Indicate current used virtual desktop.
- Provide system tray area for applications that depend on it.
- Maximize selected window with [Right Mouse Button].
- Close selected window with [Middle Mouse Button].
- Focus selected window along with switching to the virtual desktop with that window using [Left Mouse Button].
- Pass [Left/Middle/Right Mouse Button] events to Openbox window manager when not clicked on objects.
- Provide buttons – – to set various CPU frequencies (from left Low/Medium/High).
- Provide button – – to set new random wallpaper.
Run Mac Apps On Freebsd Computer
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 15 – Configuration – Fonts & Frameworks
Proper fonts rendering on a FreeBSD system.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 16 – Configuration – Pause Any Application
Freeze any X11 application with single keyboard shortcut or mouse gesture.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 17 – Configuration – Automount Removable Media
Freebsd Laptop
Various methods of automatically (or not) mount external/removable devices such as USB or eSATA disks/pendrives or SD/microSD flash cards.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 18 – Configuration – Global Dashboard
A thing called Global Dashboard with all information you would ever need for debugging on the laptop/desktop system.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 19 – Configuration – Plank – Skippy-XD
Adding Plank dock and Skippy-XD expose-like tool.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 20 – Configuration – Unlock Your Laptop with Phone
Configure devd(8) to lock/unlock your laptop with phone attach/detach event.
~
FreeBSD Desktop – Part 21 – Configuration – Compton
Configure Compton to display everything properly and do not consume 100% of your CPU time.
~
FreeBSD Network Management with network.sh Script
The network.sh script allows for easy management for all laptop/desktop connections on:
- WiFi
- LAN
- WWAN
~
The Power to Serve – FreeBSD Power Management
FreeBSD offers many mechanisms in the power management department:
- power off devices without attached driver
- scale CPU frequency and power
- supports CPU sleep states (C1/C1E/C2/C3/…)
- enabling/disabling Turbo Mode available in most CPUs
- per USB device power management options
- SATA/AHCI channels/controllers power management
- limit of wakeups/interrupts to increase idle time
- suspend/resume support (along with using laptop lid for it)
- support for vendor specific tools that help to measure power management
- tools and ACPI support for fan speed control
- tools and ACPI support for setting screen brightness
- battery capacity status and running time estimation
- network interfaces power saving options
One word about different files for the settings in the FreeBSD system:
- /etc/rc.conf – does not require reboot just daemons reloading
- /etc/sysctl.conf – does not require reboot – you can set them at runtime
- /boot/loader.conf – these settings REQUIRE reboot
~
Less Known pkg(8) Features
An article about pkg(8) – the current FreeBSD modern package manager sometimes also called PKGng.
~
Fix Broken Dependency on FreeBSD
Various methods of fixing broken dependencies on FreeBSD.
~
Read HFS filesystem on FreeBSD
For those ones that still use Mac OS X on their desktops/laptops instead of FreeBSD there is now possibility to mount HFS+ filesystem volumes under FreeBSD in read only thanks to FUSE subsystem.
~
List Block Devices on FreeBSD lsblk(8) Style
If you got used to lsblk(1) you can now have it on FreeBSD.
~
Run broot on FreeBSD
Mac Apps Apple
The broot file manager.
~
Wallpapers from Tech Pron
Wallpapers I made from the images of computers posted by Tech Pron account on Twitter.
Other/external resources for the FreeBSD on laptops/desktops:
EOF